BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuUnstable anginaAccelerating angina; New-onset angina; Angina - unstable; Progressive angina; CAD - unstable angina; Coronary artery disease - unstable angina; Heart disease - unstable angina; Chest pain - unstable anginaUnstable angina is a condition in which your heart doesn't get enough blood flow and oxygen. It may lead to a heart attack.Angina is a type of chest discomfort due to poor blood flow through the blood vessels in the heart called the coronary arteries.AnginaAngina is a type of chest discomfort or pain due to poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary arteries) of the heart muscle (myocardium). ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Causes Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsersCoronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis is the most common cause of unstable angina. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty material, called plaque, along the walls of the arteries. This causes arteries to become narrowed and less flexible. The narrowing can reduce blood flow to the heart, causing chest pain (angina).Coronary artery diseaseCoronary heart disease is a narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also called co...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis, sometimes called "hardening of the arteries," occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Previous imagePlay SlideshowStop SlideshowNext image / Unstable angina is a special subset of angina and is defined below.People with unstable angina are at higher risk of having a heart attack.Less common causes of angina are:Abnormal function of tiny branch arteries without narrowing of larger arteries (called microvascular dysfunction or Syndrome X) Coronary artery spasmCoronary artery spasmThe coronary arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary artery spasm is a brief, sudden narrowing of one of these arteries.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Risk factors for coronary artery disease include:Diabetes DiabetesDiabetes is a long-term (chronic) disease in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Family history of early coronary heart disease (a close relative such as a sibling or parent had heart disease before age 55 in a man or before age 65 in a woman) High blood pressure High blood pressureBlood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood to your body. Hypertension is the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article High LDL cholesterol Low HDL cholesterol Male sex Sedentary lifestyle (not getting enough exercise) Obesity Older age Smoking Symptoms Symptoms of angina may include:Chest pain that you may also feel in the shoulder, arm, jaw, neck, back, or other area Discomfort that feels like tightness, squeezing, crushing, burning, choking, or aching Discomfort that occurs at rest and does not easily go away when you take medicine Shortness of breath SweatingWith stable angina, the chest pain or other symptoms only occur with a certain amount of activity or stress. The pain does not occur more often or get worse over time.Unstable angina is chest pain that is sudden and often gets worse over a short period of time. You may be developing unstable angina if your chest pain:Starts to feel different, is more severe, comes more often, or occurs with less activity or while you are at rest Lasts longer than 15 to 20 minutes Occurs without cause (for example, while you are asleep or sitting quietly) Does not respond well to a medicine called nitroglycerin (especially if this medicine worked to relieve chest pain in the past) Occurs with a drop in blood pressure or shortness of breathUnstable angina is a warning sign that a heart attack may happen soon and needs to be treated right away. Contact your health care provider if you have any type of chest pain. Exams and Tests Your provider will do a physical exam and check your blood pressure. Your provider may hear abnormal sounds, such as a heart murmur or irregular heartbeat, when listening to your chest with a stethoscope.Physical examDuring a physical examination, a health care provider checks your body to determine if you do or do not have a physical problem. A physical examinati...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Blood pressureBlood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood to your body. Hypertension is the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Tests for angina include:Blood tests to show if you have heart tissue damage or are at a high risk for heart attack, including high sensitivity cardiac troponins I and T. Testing may also include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and myoglobin. Creatine phosphokinaseCreatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This article discusses the test...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article MyoglobinThe myoglobin blood test measures the level of the protein myoglobin in the blood. Myoglobin can also be measured with a urine test.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Electrocardiogram (ECG). ElectrocardiogramAn electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Echocardiography. EchocardiographyAn echocardiogram is a test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart. The picture and information it produces is more detailed than a s...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stress tests, such as exercise tolerance test (stress test or treadmill test), nuclear stress test, or stress echocardiogram. Nuclear stress testNuclear stress test is an imaging method that uses radioactive material to show how well blood flows into the heart muscle, both at rest and during a...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stress echocardiogramStress echocardiography is a test that uses ultrasound imaging to show how well your heart muscle is working to pump blood to your body while you exe...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Coronary angiography. This test involves taking pictures of the heart arteries using x-rays and dye. It is the most direct test to diagnose heart artery narrowing and find clots.Coronary angiographyCoronary angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the arteries in your heart....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment You may need to check into the hospital to get some rest, have more tests, and prevent complications.Certain blood thinners (antiplatelet medicines) are used to treat and prevent unstable angina. You will receive these medicines as soon as possible if you can take them safely. Medicines include aspirin and the prescription medicine clopidogrel or something similar (ticagrelor, prasugrel). These medicines may be able to reduce the chance of a heart attack or the severity of a heart attack that occurs.During an unstable angina event:You may get heparin (or another blood thinner) and nitroglycerin (under your tongue or through an IV). Other treatments may include medicines to control blood pressure, anxiety, abnormal heart rhythms, and cholesterol (such as a statin medicine).Abnormal heart rhythmsAn arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm. The heart can beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregul...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A procedure called angioplasty and stenting can often be done to open a blocked or narrowed artery.AngioplastyAngioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. These blood vessels are called the coronary art...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. A coronary artery stent is a small, metal mesh tube that opens up (expands) inside a coronary artery. A stent is often placed after angioplasty. It helps prevent the artery from closing up again. A drug-eluting stent has medicine in it that helps prevent the artery from closing over time.StentA stent is a tiny tube placed into a hollow structure in your body. This structure can be an artery, a vein, or another structure, such as the tube ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Heart bypass surgery may be done for some people. The decision to have this surgery depends on:Heart bypass surgeryHeart bypass surgery creates a new route, called a bypass, for blood and oxygen to go around a blockage to reach your heart.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Which arteries are blocked How many arteries are involved Which parts of the coronary arteries are narrowed How severe the narrowings are Outlook (Prognosis) Unstable angina is a sign of more severe heart disease.How well you do depends on many different things, including:How many and which arteries in your heart are blocked, and how severe the blockage is If you have ever had a heart attack How well your heart muscle is able to pump blood out to your bodyAbnormal heart rhythms and heart attacks can cause sudden death. Possible Complications Unstable angina may lead to:Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) A heart attack Heart failure When to Contact a Medical Professional Seek medical attention right away if you have new, unexplained chest pain or pressure. If you have had angina before, contact your provider.Call 911 or the local emergency number if your angina pain:Is not better 5 minutes after you take nitroglycerin (your provider may tell you to take 3 total doses) Does not go away after 3 doses of nitroglycerin Is getting worse Returns after the nitroglycerin helped at firstContact your provider right away if:You are having angina symptoms more often You are having angina when you are sitting (rest angina) You are feeling tired more often You are feeling faint or lightheaded, or you pass out Your heart is beating very slowly (less than 60 beats a minute) or very fast (more than 120 beats a minute), or it is not steady You are having trouble taking your heart medicines You have any other unusual symptomsIf you think you are having a heart attack, get medical treatment right away.Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Prevention Some studies have shown that making a few lifestyle changes can prevent blockages from getting worse and may actually improve them. Lifestyle changes can also help prevent some angina attacks. Your provider may tell you to:Lose weight if you are overweight Stop smoking Exercise regularly Drink alcohol in moderation only Eat a healthy diet that is high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and lean meatsYour provider will also recommend that you keep other health conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels under control.If you have one or more risk factors for heart disease, talk to your provider about taking aspirin or other medicines to help prevent a heart attack. Aspirin therapy (75 to 325 mg a day) or medicines such as clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel may help prevent heart attacks in some people. Aspirin and other blood-thinning therapies are recommended if the benefit is likely to outweigh the risk of side effects.Open ReferencesReferencesBonaca MP, Sabatine MS. Approach to the patient with chest pain. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 35.Giugliano RP, Braunwald E. Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 39.Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;144(22):e368-e454. PMID: 34709879 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34709879/.Lange RA, Mukherjee D. Acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 57.Rao SV, O'Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. Published online February 27, 2025. PMID: 40014670 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40014670/. Writing Committee Members; Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. PMID: 34756653 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756653/.AllVideoImagesTogAngina - illustration Angina is a specific type of pain in the chest caused by inadequate blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium).AnginaillustrationCoronary artery balloon angioplasty - SeriesPresentation Angina - illustration Angina is a specific type of pain in the chest caused by inadequate blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium).Anginaillustration Coronary artery balloon angioplasty - SeriesPresentation Related Information Stable angina(Condition)Coronary artery spasm(Condition)Angina(Condition)Stress and your health(Symptoms)Platelet count(Medical Test)Blood clots(Condition)Chest pain(Symptoms)High blood cholesterol levels(Condition)Diabetes(Condition)Heart attack(Condition)Angina - what to ask your doctor (Doctor Questions)Heart attack - what to ask your provider(Doctor Questions)Angina - when you have chest pain(Self-Care)Angina - discharge(Discharge)Heart attack – discharge(Discharge)Angioplasty and stent - heart - discharge (Discharge)Coronary artery disease - InDepth(In-Depth)Anxiety disorders - InDepth(In-Depth)Cholesterol - InDepth(In-Depth) Review Date: 1/1/2025 Reviewed By: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. © 1997- All rights reserved. A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
Unstable anginaAccelerating angina; New-onset angina; Angina - unstable; Progressive angina; CAD - unstable angina; Coronary artery disease - unstable angina; Heart disease - unstable angina; Chest pain - unstable anginaUnstable angina is a condition in which your heart doesn't get enough blood flow and oxygen. It may lead to a heart attack.Angina is a type of chest discomfort due to poor blood flow through the blood vessels in the heart called the coronary arteries.AnginaAngina is a type of chest discomfort or pain due to poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary arteries) of the heart muscle (myocardium). ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Causes Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsersCoronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis is the most common cause of unstable angina. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty material, called plaque, along the walls of the arteries. This causes arteries to become narrowed and less flexible. The narrowing can reduce blood flow to the heart, causing chest pain (angina).Coronary artery diseaseCoronary heart disease is a narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also called co...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis, sometimes called "hardening of the arteries," occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Previous imagePlay SlideshowStop SlideshowNext image / Unstable angina is a special subset of angina and is defined below.People with unstable angina are at higher risk of having a heart attack.Less common causes of angina are:Abnormal function of tiny branch arteries without narrowing of larger arteries (called microvascular dysfunction or Syndrome X) Coronary artery spasmCoronary artery spasmThe coronary arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary artery spasm is a brief, sudden narrowing of one of these arteries.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Risk factors for coronary artery disease include:Diabetes DiabetesDiabetes is a long-term (chronic) disease in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Family history of early coronary heart disease (a close relative such as a sibling or parent had heart disease before age 55 in a man or before age 65 in a woman) High blood pressure High blood pressureBlood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood to your body. Hypertension is the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article High LDL cholesterol Low HDL cholesterol Male sex Sedentary lifestyle (not getting enough exercise) Obesity Older age Smoking Symptoms Symptoms of angina may include:Chest pain that you may also feel in the shoulder, arm, jaw, neck, back, or other area Discomfort that feels like tightness, squeezing, crushing, burning, choking, or aching Discomfort that occurs at rest and does not easily go away when you take medicine Shortness of breath SweatingWith stable angina, the chest pain or other symptoms only occur with a certain amount of activity or stress. The pain does not occur more often or get worse over time.Unstable angina is chest pain that is sudden and often gets worse over a short period of time. You may be developing unstable angina if your chest pain:Starts to feel different, is more severe, comes more often, or occurs with less activity or while you are at rest Lasts longer than 15 to 20 minutes Occurs without cause (for example, while you are asleep or sitting quietly) Does not respond well to a medicine called nitroglycerin (especially if this medicine worked to relieve chest pain in the past) Occurs with a drop in blood pressure or shortness of breathUnstable angina is a warning sign that a heart attack may happen soon and needs to be treated right away. Contact your health care provider if you have any type of chest pain. Exams and Tests Your provider will do a physical exam and check your blood pressure. Your provider may hear abnormal sounds, such as a heart murmur or irregular heartbeat, when listening to your chest with a stethoscope.Physical examDuring a physical examination, a health care provider checks your body to determine if you do or do not have a physical problem. A physical examinati...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Blood pressureBlood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood to your body. Hypertension is the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Tests for angina include:Blood tests to show if you have heart tissue damage or are at a high risk for heart attack, including high sensitivity cardiac troponins I and T. Testing may also include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and myoglobin. Creatine phosphokinaseCreatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This article discusses the test...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article MyoglobinThe myoglobin blood test measures the level of the protein myoglobin in the blood. Myoglobin can also be measured with a urine test.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Electrocardiogram (ECG). ElectrocardiogramAn electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Echocardiography. EchocardiographyAn echocardiogram is a test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart. The picture and information it produces is more detailed than a s...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stress tests, such as exercise tolerance test (stress test or treadmill test), nuclear stress test, or stress echocardiogram. Nuclear stress testNuclear stress test is an imaging method that uses radioactive material to show how well blood flows into the heart muscle, both at rest and during a...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stress echocardiogramStress echocardiography is a test that uses ultrasound imaging to show how well your heart muscle is working to pump blood to your body while you exe...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Coronary angiography. This test involves taking pictures of the heart arteries using x-rays and dye. It is the most direct test to diagnose heart artery narrowing and find clots.Coronary angiographyCoronary angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the arteries in your heart....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment You may need to check into the hospital to get some rest, have more tests, and prevent complications.Certain blood thinners (antiplatelet medicines) are used to treat and prevent unstable angina. You will receive these medicines as soon as possible if you can take them safely. Medicines include aspirin and the prescription medicine clopidogrel or something similar (ticagrelor, prasugrel). These medicines may be able to reduce the chance of a heart attack or the severity of a heart attack that occurs.During an unstable angina event:You may get heparin (or another blood thinner) and nitroglycerin (under your tongue or through an IV). Other treatments may include medicines to control blood pressure, anxiety, abnormal heart rhythms, and cholesterol (such as a statin medicine).Abnormal heart rhythmsAn arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm. The heart can beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregul...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A procedure called angioplasty and stenting can often be done to open a blocked or narrowed artery.AngioplastyAngioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. These blood vessels are called the coronary art...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. A coronary artery stent is a small, metal mesh tube that opens up (expands) inside a coronary artery. A stent is often placed after angioplasty. It helps prevent the artery from closing up again. A drug-eluting stent has medicine in it that helps prevent the artery from closing over time.StentA stent is a tiny tube placed into a hollow structure in your body. This structure can be an artery, a vein, or another structure, such as the tube ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Heart bypass surgery may be done for some people. The decision to have this surgery depends on:Heart bypass surgeryHeart bypass surgery creates a new route, called a bypass, for blood and oxygen to go around a blockage to reach your heart.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Which arteries are blocked How many arteries are involved Which parts of the coronary arteries are narrowed How severe the narrowings are Outlook (Prognosis) Unstable angina is a sign of more severe heart disease.How well you do depends on many different things, including:How many and which arteries in your heart are blocked, and how severe the blockage is If you have ever had a heart attack How well your heart muscle is able to pump blood out to your bodyAbnormal heart rhythms and heart attacks can cause sudden death. Possible Complications Unstable angina may lead to:Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) A heart attack Heart failure When to Contact a Medical Professional Seek medical attention right away if you have new, unexplained chest pain or pressure. If you have had angina before, contact your provider.Call 911 or the local emergency number if your angina pain:Is not better 5 minutes after you take nitroglycerin (your provider may tell you to take 3 total doses) Does not go away after 3 doses of nitroglycerin Is getting worse Returns after the nitroglycerin helped at firstContact your provider right away if:You are having angina symptoms more often You are having angina when you are sitting (rest angina) You are feeling tired more often You are feeling faint or lightheaded, or you pass out Your heart is beating very slowly (less than 60 beats a minute) or very fast (more than 120 beats a minute), or it is not steady You are having trouble taking your heart medicines You have any other unusual symptomsIf you think you are having a heart attack, get medical treatment right away.Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Prevention Some studies have shown that making a few lifestyle changes can prevent blockages from getting worse and may actually improve them. Lifestyle changes can also help prevent some angina attacks. Your provider may tell you to:Lose weight if you are overweight Stop smoking Exercise regularly Drink alcohol in moderation only Eat a healthy diet that is high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and lean meatsYour provider will also recommend that you keep other health conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels under control.If you have one or more risk factors for heart disease, talk to your provider about taking aspirin or other medicines to help prevent a heart attack. Aspirin therapy (75 to 325 mg a day) or medicines such as clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel may help prevent heart attacks in some people. Aspirin and other blood-thinning therapies are recommended if the benefit is likely to outweigh the risk of side effects.Open ReferencesReferencesBonaca MP, Sabatine MS. Approach to the patient with chest pain. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 35.Giugliano RP, Braunwald E. Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 39.Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;144(22):e368-e454. PMID: 34709879 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34709879/.Lange RA, Mukherjee D. Acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 57.Rao SV, O'Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. Published online February 27, 2025. PMID: 40014670 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40014670/. Writing Committee Members; Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. PMID: 34756653 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756653/.
