BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuGastroesophageal reflux diseasePeptic esophagitis; Reflux esophagitis; GERD; Heartburn - chronic; DyspepsiaGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe). Food travels from your mouth to the stomach through your esophagus. GERD can irritate the food pipe and cause heartburn and other symptoms.Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Causes When you eat, food passes from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus. A ring of muscle fibers in the lower esophagus prevents swallowed food from moving back up. These muscle fibers are called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).When this ring of muscle does not close all the way, stomach contents can leak back into the esophagus. This is called reflux or gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux may cause symptoms. Harsh stomach acids can also damage the lining of the esophagus.Previous imagePlay SlideshowStop SlideshowNext image / The risk factors for reflux include:Use of alcohol (possibly) Hiatal hernia (a condition in which part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities) Hiatal herniaHiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The diaphragm is the sheet of ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Obesity ObesityObesity means weighing more than what is healthy for a given height. Obesity is a serious, chronic disease. It can lead to other health problems, i...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Pregnancy PregnancyGrowing a baby is hard work. Your body will go through a lot of changes as your baby grows and your hormones change. Along with the aches and pains...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Scleroderma SclerodermaScleroderma is a disease that involves the buildup of fibrous tissue in the skin and elsewhere in the body. It also damages the cells that line the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Smoking or tobacco use Lying down within 3 hours after eating Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux can be caused by or made worse by pregnancy. Symptoms can also be caused by certain medicines, such as:Anticholinergics (for example, sea sickness medicine) Beta-blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease Bronchodilators for asthma or other lung diseases AsthmaAsthma is a chronic disease that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and become narrow. It leads to breathing difficulty such as wheezing, shor...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure High blood pressureBlood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood to your body. Hypertension is the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Dopamine-active medicines for Parkinson disease Parkinson diseaseParkinson disease results from certain brain cells dying. These cells help control movement and coordination. The disease leads to shaking (tremors...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control Sedatives for insomnia or anxiety Theophylline (for asthma or other lung diseases) Tricyclic antidepressants Talk to your health care provider if you think one of your medicines may be causing heartburn. Never change or stop taking a medicine without first talking to your provider.No audio descriptionWith audio descriptionRelated video goes here for no-HTML5 browsersRelated video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Symptoms Typical symptoms of GERD are:Heartburn or a burning pain in the chest HeartburnHeartburn is a painful burning feeling just below or behind the breastbone. Most of the time, it comes from the esophagus. The pain often rises in ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Bringing food back up (regurgitation)Less common symptoms are:Nausea after eating Cough or wheezing CoughCoughing is an important way to keep your throat and airways clear. But too much coughing may mean you have a disease or disorder. Some coughs are d...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article WheezingWheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound during breathing. It occurs when air moves through narrowed breathing tubes in the lungs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Difficulty swallowing (make sure to discuss this with your provider) Difficulty swallowingDifficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This proble...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Hiccups HiccupsA hiccup is an unintentional movement (spasm) of the diaphragm, the muscle at the base of the lungs. The spasm is followed by quick closing of the v...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Hoarseness or change in voice HoarsenessHoarseness refers to difficulty making sounds when trying to speak. Vocal sounds may be weak, breathy, scratchy, or husky, and the pitch or quality ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Sore throatSore throatPharyngitis, or sore throat, is discomfort, pain, or scratchiness in the throat. It often makes it painful to swallow.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Symptoms may get worse when you bend over or lie down, or after you eat. Symptoms may also be worse at night. Exams and Tests You may not need any tests if your symptoms are mild.If your symptoms are severe or they come back after you have been treated, your provider may recommend a test called an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy).Upper endoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (the duodenum)....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article This is a test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It is done with a small camera (flexible endoscope) that is inserted down the throat.You may also be recommended to have one or more of the following tests:A test that measures how often stomach acid enters the esophagus. This can be done with a catheter through the nose or with a device clipped to the bottom of your esophagus during an upper endoscopy. A test to measure the pressure inside the lower part of the esophagus (esophageal manometry). Esophageal manometryEsophageal manometry is a test to measure how well the esophagus is working.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A test to measure fluid and air coming up from the esophagus (impedance).A positive stool occult blood test may diagnose bleeding that is coming from the irritation in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines.Stool occult blood testThe stool guaiac test looks for hidden (occult) blood in a stool sample. It can find blood even if you cannot see it yourself. It is a common type ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment You can make many lifestyle changes to help treat your symptoms such as avoiding tobacco, alcohol, or foods that cause your symptoms.Lifestyle changesGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Other tips include:If you are overweight or obese, in many cases, losing weight can help. Raise the head of the bed if your symptoms get worse at night. Have your dinner 2 to 3 hours before going to sleep. Avoid eating food after dinner. Avoid medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn). Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve pain. Take all of your medicines with plenty of water. When your provider gives you a new medicine, ask whether it will make your heartburn worse.You may use over-the-counter antacids after meals and at bedtime, although the relief may not last very long. Common side effects of antacids include diarrhea or constipation.Over-the-counter antacidsAntacids help to treat heartburn (indigestion). They work by neutralizing the stomach acid that causes heartburn. You can buy many antacids without ...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Other over-the-counter and prescription medicines can treat GERD. They work more slowly than antacids, but give you longer relief. Your pharmacist, provider, or nurse can tell you how to take these medicines.Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decrease the amount of acid produced in your stomach. H2 blockers also lower the amount of acid released in the stomach. Potassium competitive acid blockers (PCABs) are the newest medicines that decrease stomach acid.Anti-reflux surgery may be an option for people whose symptoms do not go away with lifestyle changes and medicines. Heartburn and other symptoms should improve after surgery. But you may still need to take medicines for your heartburn. Your provider will recommend certain tests before any surgery for GERD to help you get the best outcome.There are also new therapies for reflux that can be performed through an endoscope (a flexible tube passed through the mouth into the stomach). Outlook (Prognosis) Most people respond to lifestyle changes and medicines. However, many people feel the need to continue taking medicines to control their symptoms. If you have inflammation from your GERD (esophagitis) or precancerous changes (Barrett esophagus), your provider may recommend staying on these medicines. Otherwise speak with your provider about whether you need to stay on medicines long term. Possible Complications Complications may include:Worsening of asthma A change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the risk of cancer (Barrett esophagus) Barrett esophagusBarrett esophagus (BE) is a disorder in which the lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid leading to changes in the cells of the lining. ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Bronchospasm (irritation and spasm of the airways due to acid) Long-term (chronic) cough or hoarseness Dental problems Ulcer or inflammation in the esophagus UlcerAn ulcer is a crater-like sore on the skin or mucous membrane. Ulcers form when the top layers of skin or tissue have been removed. They can occur ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stricture (a narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring from chronic irritation) When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if symptoms do not improve with lifestyle changes or medicine.Also contact your provider if you have:Bleeding Choking (coughing, shortness of breath) Shortness of breathSomeone who is very ill may have trouble breathing or feel as if they are not getting enough air. This condition is called shortness of breath. The...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Feeling filled up quickly when eating Frequent vomiting Hoarseness Loss of appetite Loss of appetiteA decreased appetite is when your desire to eat is reduced. The medical term for a loss of appetite is anorexia.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Trouble swallowing (dysphagia) or pain with swallowing (odynophagia) Pain with swallowingPainful swallowing is any pain or discomfort while swallowing. You may feel it high in the neck or lower down behind the breastbone. Most often, th...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Weight loss A feeling like food or pills are sticking behind the breast bone Prevention Avoiding factors that cause heartburn may help prevent symptoms. Obesity is linked to GERD. Maintaining a healthy body weight may help prevent the condition.HeartburnHeartburn is a painful burning feeling just below or behind the breastbone. Most of the time, it comes from the esophagus. The pain often rises in ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Open ReferencesReferencesFalk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 124.Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACG Clinical Guideline for the diagnosis and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. PMID: 34807007 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34807007/.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Acid reflux (GER & GERD) in adults. www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults. Updated July 2020. Accessed March 17, 2025.Richter JE, Vaezi MF. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 46.AllVideoImagesTogDigestive system - illustration The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.Digestive systemillustrationGastroesophageal reflux disease - illustration A band of muscle fibers, the lower esophageal sphincter, closes off the esophagus from the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, food and liquid can move backward into the esophagus and cause heartburn and other symptoms known as gastroesophageal disease (GERD). To alleviate symptoms dietary changes and medications are prescribed. For a patient who has persistent symptoms despite medical treatment, an anti-reflux operation may be an option.Gastroesophageal reflux diseaseillustrationGastroesophageal reflux - seriesPresentation Digestive system - illustration The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.Digestive systemillustrationGastroesophageal reflux disease - illustration A band of muscle fibers, the lower esophageal sphincter, closes off the esophagus from the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, food and liquid can move backward into the esophagus and cause heartburn and other symptoms known as gastroesophageal disease (GERD). To alleviate symptoms dietary changes and medications are prescribed. For a patient who has persistent symptoms despite medical treatment, an anti-reflux operation may be an option.Gastroesophageal reflux diseaseillustration Gastroesophageal reflux - seriesPresentation A Closer Look Gastroesophageal reflux disease(Alt. Medicine)Gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn - InDepth(In-Depth)Talking to your MD Heartburn - what to ask your providerSelf Care Taking antacids Tests for Gastroesophageal reflux disease Esophageal pH monitoringBernstein testRelated Information Erosion(Symptoms)Barrett esophagus(Condition)Anti-reflux surgery - children(Surgery)Anti-reflux surgery(Surgery)Gastroesophageal reflux - discharge(Discharge)Taking antacids(Self-Care)Heartburn - what to ask your provider(Doctor Questions)Anti-reflux surgery - children - discharge (Discharge)Anti-reflux surgery - discharge (Discharge)Gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn - InDepth(In-Depth) Review Date: 1/24/2025 Reviewed By: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Gastroenterologist, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. © 1997- All rights reserved. A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
Gastroesophageal reflux diseasePeptic esophagitis; Reflux esophagitis; GERD; Heartburn - chronic; DyspepsiaGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe). Food travels from your mouth to the stomach through your esophagus. GERD can irritate the food pipe and cause heartburn and other symptoms.Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Causes When you eat, food passes from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus. A ring of muscle fibers in the lower esophagus prevents swallowed food from moving back up. These muscle fibers are called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).When this ring of muscle does not close all the way, stomach contents can leak back into the esophagus. This is called reflux or gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux may cause symptoms. Harsh stomach acids can also damage the lining of the esophagus.Previous imagePlay SlideshowStop SlideshowNext image / The risk factors for reflux include:Use of alcohol (possibly) Hiatal hernia (a condition in which part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities) Hiatal herniaHiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The diaphragm is the sheet of ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Obesity ObesityObesity means weighing more than what is healthy for a given height. Obesity is a serious, chronic disease. It can lead to other health problems, i...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Pregnancy PregnancyGrowing a baby is hard work. Your body will go through a lot of changes as your baby grows and your hormones change. Along with the aches and pains...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Scleroderma SclerodermaScleroderma is a disease that involves the buildup of fibrous tissue in the skin and elsewhere in the body. It also damages the cells that line the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Smoking or tobacco use Lying down within 3 hours after eating Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux can be caused by or made worse by pregnancy. Symptoms can also be caused by certain medicines, such as:Anticholinergics (for example, sea sickness medicine) Beta-blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease Bronchodilators for asthma or other lung diseases AsthmaAsthma is a chronic disease that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and become narrow. It leads to breathing difficulty such as wheezing, shor...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure High blood pressureBlood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood to your body. Hypertension is the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Dopamine-active medicines for Parkinson disease Parkinson diseaseParkinson disease results from certain brain cells dying. These cells help control movement and coordination. The disease leads to shaking (tremors...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control Sedatives for insomnia or anxiety Theophylline (for asthma or other lung diseases) Tricyclic antidepressants Talk to your health care provider if you think one of your medicines may be causing heartburn. Never change or stop taking a medicine without first talking to your provider.No audio descriptionWith audio descriptionRelated video goes here for no-HTML5 browsersRelated video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Symptoms Typical symptoms of GERD are:Heartburn or a burning pain in the chest HeartburnHeartburn is a painful burning feeling just below or behind the breastbone. Most of the time, it comes from the esophagus. The pain often rises in ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Bringing food back up (regurgitation)Less common symptoms are:Nausea after eating Cough or wheezing CoughCoughing is an important way to keep your throat and airways clear. But too much coughing may mean you have a disease or disorder. Some coughs are d...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article WheezingWheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound during breathing. It occurs when air moves through narrowed breathing tubes in the lungs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Difficulty swallowing (make sure to discuss this with your provider) Difficulty swallowingDifficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This proble...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Hiccups HiccupsA hiccup is an unintentional movement (spasm) of the diaphragm, the muscle at the base of the lungs. The spasm is followed by quick closing of the v...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Hoarseness or change in voice HoarsenessHoarseness refers to difficulty making sounds when trying to speak. Vocal sounds may be weak, breathy, scratchy, or husky, and the pitch or quality ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Sore throatSore throatPharyngitis, or sore throat, is discomfort, pain, or scratchiness in the throat. It often makes it painful to swallow.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Symptoms may get worse when you bend over or lie down, or after you eat. Symptoms may also be worse at night. Exams and Tests You may not need any tests if your symptoms are mild.If your symptoms are severe or they come back after you have been treated, your provider may recommend a test called an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy).Upper endoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (the duodenum)....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article This is a test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It is done with a small camera (flexible endoscope) that is inserted down the throat.You may also be recommended to have one or more of the following tests:A test that measures how often stomach acid enters the esophagus. This can be done with a catheter through the nose or with a device clipped to the bottom of your esophagus during an upper endoscopy. A test to measure the pressure inside the lower part of the esophagus (esophageal manometry). Esophageal manometryEsophageal manometry is a test to measure how well the esophagus is working.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A test to measure fluid and air coming up from the esophagus (impedance).A positive stool occult blood test may diagnose bleeding that is coming from the irritation in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines.Stool occult blood testThe stool guaiac test looks for hidden (occult) blood in a stool sample. It can find blood even if you cannot see it yourself. It is a common type ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment You can make many lifestyle changes to help treat your symptoms such as avoiding tobacco, alcohol, or foods that cause your symptoms.Lifestyle changesGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Other tips include:If you are overweight or obese, in many cases, losing weight can help. Raise the head of the bed if your symptoms get worse at night. Have your dinner 2 to 3 hours before going to sleep. Avoid eating food after dinner. Avoid medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn). Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve pain. Take all of your medicines with plenty of water. When your provider gives you a new medicine, ask whether it will make your heartburn worse.You may use over-the-counter antacids after meals and at bedtime, although the relief may not last very long. Common side effects of antacids include diarrhea or constipation.Over-the-counter antacidsAntacids help to treat heartburn (indigestion). They work by neutralizing the stomach acid that causes heartburn. You can buy many antacids without ...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Other over-the-counter and prescription medicines can treat GERD. They work more slowly than antacids, but give you longer relief. Your pharmacist, provider, or nurse can tell you how to take these medicines.Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decrease the amount of acid produced in your stomach. H2 blockers also lower the amount of acid released in the stomach. Potassium competitive acid blockers (PCABs) are the newest medicines that decrease stomach acid.Anti-reflux surgery may be an option for people whose symptoms do not go away with lifestyle changes and medicines. Heartburn and other symptoms should improve after surgery. But you may still need to take medicines for your heartburn. Your provider will recommend certain tests before any surgery for GERD to help you get the best outcome.There are also new therapies for reflux that can be performed through an endoscope (a flexible tube passed through the mouth into the stomach). Outlook (Prognosis) Most people respond to lifestyle changes and medicines. However, many people feel the need to continue taking medicines to control their symptoms. If you have inflammation from your GERD (esophagitis) or precancerous changes (Barrett esophagus), your provider may recommend staying on these medicines. Otherwise speak with your provider about whether you need to stay on medicines long term. Possible Complications Complications may include:Worsening of asthma A change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the risk of cancer (Barrett esophagus) Barrett esophagusBarrett esophagus (BE) is a disorder in which the lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid leading to changes in the cells of the lining. ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Bronchospasm (irritation and spasm of the airways due to acid) Long-term (chronic) cough or hoarseness Dental problems Ulcer or inflammation in the esophagus UlcerAn ulcer is a crater-like sore on the skin or mucous membrane. Ulcers form when the top layers of skin or tissue have been removed. They can occur ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stricture (a narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring from chronic irritation) When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if symptoms do not improve with lifestyle changes or medicine.Also contact your provider if you have:Bleeding Choking (coughing, shortness of breath) Shortness of breathSomeone who is very ill may have trouble breathing or feel as if they are not getting enough air. This condition is called shortness of breath. The...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Feeling filled up quickly when eating Frequent vomiting Hoarseness Loss of appetite Loss of appetiteA decreased appetite is when your desire to eat is reduced. The medical term for a loss of appetite is anorexia.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Trouble swallowing (dysphagia) or pain with swallowing (odynophagia) Pain with swallowingPainful swallowing is any pain or discomfort while swallowing. You may feel it high in the neck or lower down behind the breastbone. Most often, th...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Weight loss A feeling like food or pills are sticking behind the breast bone Prevention Avoiding factors that cause heartburn may help prevent symptoms. Obesity is linked to GERD. Maintaining a healthy body weight may help prevent the condition.HeartburnHeartburn is a painful burning feeling just below or behind the breastbone. Most of the time, it comes from the esophagus. The pain often rises in ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Open ReferencesReferencesFalk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 124.Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACG Clinical Guideline for the diagnosis and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. PMID: 34807007 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34807007/.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Acid reflux (GER & GERD) in adults. www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults. Updated July 2020. Accessed March 17, 2025.Richter JE, Vaezi MF. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 46.
